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- Marubuci, Margarita Rodriguez
- Sanya sunan wanda ya rubuta labari, BBC News Mundo
Yesu Almasihu shi ne mutum mafi shahara a duniya da aka taɓa sarƙafewa a kan gicciye, sai dai tuni da ma ake aiwatar da irin wannan hukunci mai tayar da hankali tsawon ƙarni mai yawa, tum ma kafin zuwansa duniya.
“A cikin miyagun hanyoyi guda uku na hukuncin kisa da aka riƙa yi a zamanin da, an ɗauka cewa gicciye mutum shi ne mafi muni,” kamar yadda Louise Cilliers, wata marubuciya kuma mai bincike kan al’adun ainihi a Jami’ar Free State da ke Afirka ta Kudu, ta faɗa wa BBC.
“Ƙone mutum da Fille kai, su ne a baya.”
“Abubuwa ne da ke dunƙule tsananin ƙeta da mugun gani don cusa tsoro mai yawan gaske a zukatan jama’a,” kamar yadda Diego Perez Gondar, babban malami a Tsangayar Neman Sanin Ubangiji ta Jami’ar Navarra a Sifaniya, ya bayyana.
A karo da dama, mutuwa tana zuwar wa mutum ne kwanaki ƙalilan bayan gicciyewar, a kan idanun ‘yan kallon ƙwaƙwa masu wucewa.
Gangar jikin wanda aka gicciye ɗin na gamuwa da shaƙewa da rashin jini da ƙyafewa da mutuwar sassan jiki da sauran matsaloli da dama.
To amma me muka sani game da, a ina, kuma ta yaya aka samo azancin gicciye mutum?
Fiye da shekara 500 kafin zuwan Yesu
Dr Cilliers ta yi imanin cewa mai yiwuwa hukuncin gicciye mutum, ya samo asali ne daga mutanen Siriya da kuma al’ummar Babila – hamshaƙan zamunna biyu da suka taɓa faruwa a wurin da yau ake kira da Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Ta kuma yi imani cewa hanyar aiwatar da irin wannan hukuncin kisa ne “Bisa tsari, Fashawa suka riƙa zartarwa a cikin ƙarni na shida”.
Farfesa Perez ya yi nuni da cewa bayanai mafi daɗewa da aka samu, sun zo ne daga zane-zanen ado na fadar mutanen Siriya.
“A jikin bangwaye, akwai zane-zanen da aka yi, masu nuna yaƙe-yaƙe da ƙasashen da aka ci da yaƙi, da kuma hanyar da ake zartar da hukuncin kisa a kan fursunoni. Hnayar da aka riƙa amfani da ita ga alama, ta yi kama da gicciye ɗan’adam.”
Asalin hoton, Getty Images
Cilliers ta ce al’adar gicciye mutane ta samo asali ne a zamanin ƙarshe na Ƙasaitacciyar Daular Siriya ta Neo-Assyrian Empire a ƙalla shekara 500 kafin haihuwar Yesu
A 2003, Dr Cilliers ta rubuta wani sharhi na haɗin gwiwa game da tarihi da nazarin sanadi da tasirin cutukan da ake samu daga gicciye mutum, wanda aka wallafa a Mujallar harkokin Likitanci ta Afirka ta Kudu wato South African Medical Journal.
Ta ce Fashawa sun riƙa aiwatar da hukuncin gicciyewar ne a jikin bishiyoyi ko dogon turke maimakon wani itacen gicciye na ƙa’ida.
“Ana dunƙule hukuncin kashewar ne da kunyata mutumin da aka samu da laifi don haka kisan wulaƙanci ne da aka saba yi lokaci-lokaci.
Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin, ita ce a bar mutum rataye a jikin bishiya yana lilo ta yadda zai mutu sakamakon shaƙewa da sarewa,” Farfesa Perez ya ƙara da cewa.
Bazuwar Gicciye mutane
A cikin ƙarni na huɗu ne, Ƙasaitacce Sarki Iskandar wato Alexander the Great ya kawo irin wannan hukuncin kisa ƙasashen gabashin Meditereniyan.
“Sarki Iskandar da dakarunsa sun yi wa birnin Tyre (Lebanon a yanzu) tsinke, wanda ya kasa shiguwa cikin sauƙi,” a cewar Dr Cilliers.
“Da suka kutsa suka shiga a ƙarshe, dakarun Iskandar sun gicciye mazauna birnin kimanin 2,000.”
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Iskandar Mai Ƙasaita ya assasa wata daula – kuma ya faɗaɗa al’adar gicciye mutane
Sarakunan da suka gaji Iskandar Mai Ƙasaita sun kai wannan hukuncin kisa zuwa Masar da Siriya da kuma Carthage, ƙasaitaccen birnin Afirka ta Arewa da Foneshiyawa suka kafa.
A Lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙen Foneshiya (264-146BC), Romawa sun koyar da wannan hanya ta hukuncin kisa, inda suka “gwanance kanta a tsawon shekara 500”, in ji mai binciken.
“Dakarun Romawa sun riƙa aiwatar da hukuncin gicciye mutane a duk inda suka je,” a cewarta.
Kuma a wasu wuraren inda suke aiwatar da irin wannan hukuncin kisa, sai mazauna yankunan su ari al’adar, su yafa.
A shekara ta 9AD, Janar ɗin sojan Jamus Arminius ya ba da umarnin a gicciye sojojin Roma bayan nasarar da ya samu a Yaƙin Dajin Teutoburg, abin ya zama tamkar wata galabar wulaƙanci da aka yi wa Romawa a hannun ƙabilun Jamus.
A shekara ta 60AD, Boudicca, sarauniyar wata tsohuwar ƙabilar Burtaniya da aka fi sani da suna Iceni, ta jagoranci wani gagarumin bore a kan Ramawa ‘yan mamaya kuma ta gicciye dakarunsu masu yawa.
Ƙasa Mai Tsarki
A tsohuwar ƙasar Isra’ila, tuni da ma ana aiwatar da irin wannan kisa kafin zuwan Romawa.
Asalin hoton, Getty Images
Dr Cilliers ta ce Romawa sun “gwanance” wajen amfani da kisan gicciyewa tsawon ƙarni mai yawa kafin su yi amfani da ita wajen hallaka Yesu
“Muna da majiyoyin da suka yi zancen gicciye mutane kafin Romawa su ci Ƙasa Mai Tsarki da yaƙi,” a cewar Farfesa Perez.
Ɗaya daga cikinsu, shi ne wani masanin tarihi, ɗan siyasa, kuma soja, Bayahude ɗan asalin Roma Flavius Josephus, wanda aka haifa a birnin Ƙudus cikin ƙarni na farko AD.
A bayaninsa game da zamanin mulkin Alexander Jannaeus (125BC-76BC), wanda ya jagoranci Yahudawa tsawon shekara 27, ya bayyana yadda aka gicciye ɗumbin mutane a wajen shekara ta 88BC.
“A wani shagalin biki tare da ƙwarƙwarorinsa a wani wuri, Alexander Jannaeus ya ba da umarni a gicciye wasu Yahudawa 800, kuma a kashe ‘ya’yansu da matansu a kan idanunsu tun ba su kai ga barin duniya ba,” Flavius Josephus ya rubuta.
Romawa
Sai dai a cewar Dr Cilliers, Romawan su ne suka shigo da amfani da nau’o’in gicciye iri daban-daban don aiwatar da wannan hukunci – ciki har da mai siffar jirge wato X.
Asalin hoton, Getty Images
Bayahude ɗan asalin Roma kuma masanin tarihi Flavius Josephus ya yi rubutu a kan gicciye ɗumbin mutane da umarnin Sarkin Yahudawa Alexander Jannaeus a kusan shekara ta 88 BC
“Sai dai a mafi yawan lokuta suna amfani ne da gicciyen mutanen Latin da ya fi shahara ko kuma tau (gicciye mai siffar t ).
Irin wannan gicciye, ana iya samun masu tsawo, ko da yake gajerun sun fi zama ruwan dare.
Ana yin su ne, ta hanyar kafa wata miƙaƙƙiyar dirka a tsaye, sannan a kawo wani jirge a ratsa daga sama-sama.
Ana tilasta wa mutanen da za a gicciye su ɗauki doguwar sandar da za a jirga, zuwa wurin da za a zartar da kisan.
“Idan ba a yi wa mutum tsirara ba, sai a tuɓe masa tufafi sannan a sanya shi ya kwanta rigingine, ya miƙar da hannuwansa a jikin ɓangaren da aka jirga.”
Abu ne maras kyawun gani da jini face-face
Sai a ɗaure hannuwansu da dirkar ko a soke shi da ƙusoshi, waɗanda za a buga, su shiga cikin tsintsiyar hannu.
Galibi, ba a buga ƙusoshin a tafin hannun waɗanda za a kashe, don kuwa ƙusa tana iya yaga tsoka saboda nauyin gangar jiki, maimakon haka sai a buga a jikin ƙasusuwan tsintsiyar hannu da damtse.
Ƙusoshin suna iya kai wa har tsawon sentimita 18 da kaurin sentimita ɗaya.
Idan aka saƙale mutumin da za a kashe a jikin sandar da aka jirga, daga nan sai a ɗaga shi tsaye, a kafe a saman dirkar da tun tuni aka kafa a cikin ƙasa.
Ana iya ɗaure ƙafafuwan ko kuma a kafe su da ƙusa a jikin dirkar da take tsaye, kowacce ɗaya a gefe guda, ko kuma dukkansu a lokaci ɗaya, wata kan wata.
A irin wannan hali, marubutan sun bayyana cewa, ana soka wata ƙusa ta shiga cikin ƙasusuwan tafin ƙafa, sannan a tanƙwasa gwiwoyin mutum.
Zafi da raɗaɗi ba za su misaltu ba.
Asalin hoton, Getty Images
Mutanen da akan gicciye kan sha baƙar azaba tsawon kwanaki a cikin zugi
“Jijiyoyin laka da yawa za su taɓu,” in ji Farfesa Perez.
“Sai ka matsa wa ƙafafuwanka, sannan za ka iya yunƙurawa ka yi numfashi .”
A ƙoƙarin yin haka, “ana zubar da jini mai yawa, ga kuma matsanancin ciwo, amma idan ba ka yi hakan ba, numfashin mutum zai ɗauke, kuma ya ji tamkar an maƙure kafin ya mutu.”
A karo da dama, mutuwa ce a hankali-a hankali, da kan zo bayan gaɓoɓin jikin mutum sun gama gazawa.
Dr Cilliers ta ce hakan na faruwa ne sanadin gaza kewayawar jini a jiki saboda lanƙwamewar zuciya da ta daina harba jini sassan jiki.
Wanda ke shan azabar kan yi fama da ƙarancin jini saboda zubar jinin, da ƙyafewar jiki, amma mai yiwuwa galibi hakan na faruwa ne saboda gazawar numfashi.
Da yawa sukan mutu ne sanadin shaƙewa
Sa’o’i, kwanaki cikin zugi da raɗaɗi
Muguntar da ke cikin irin wannan kisa na ƙaruwa ne saboda kasancewar da yawa sukan shafe tsawon kwanaki a gicciye kafin mutuwa ta zo, duk da yake kuma suna iya halaka a cikin sa’o’i ƙalilan – a cikin Baibul ko Injila, an ce Yesu ya shafe tsawon sa’a shida ne.
“A wasu lokutan, abin da sojojin ke yi don hanzarta mutuwar wanda aka gicciye, shi ne sai su fasa gwiwoyin mutum, ko kuma su karya ƙafafuwan.
Ta haka, mutumin da za a kashe ba zai iya yunƙurawa ya yi numfashi ta hanyar amfani da tsokokin ƙafafuwansa ba, abin da zai sa mutuwa ta zo cikin gaggawa,” a cewar Farfesa Perez.
Sai dai a bayanin Littafi ma Tsaki na Baibul, sojojin Romawa sun bi duk waɗannan matakai a kan masu laifi biyu da suka gicciye tare da Yesu, amma shi ba su yi masa haka ba, saboda tuni ya riga mu gaskiya.
Asalin hoton, Getty Images
Gicciyewa hukuncin kisa ne da Romawa galibi sukan tanadar wa bayi da baƙin haure
“An riga an yi wa Yesu dukan kawo wuƙa da wata irin bulala da mai bakin ƙarfe da ƙasusuwa masu tsini.
Ya zubar da jini mai yawa.
Haƙiƙanin gaskiya ma dai akwai mutanen da ke mutuwa sanadin dukan irin wannan bulala,” masanin ya ce.
‘Sai abokan gaban da aka fi tsana’
Ana gicciye mutane ne don “tonon silili da kuma kunyatar” da mutumin da za a kashe, in ji Farfesa Perez.
“Ana tanadar wannan kisa ne ga abokan gaban da aka fi tsana ta yadda za a bayyana wa duniya ƙarara cewa Romawa ba sa son ganin duk mutumin da zai aikata irin laifin da ya yi.”
Mafi yawa, an fi aiwatar da kisan ne a kan bayi da baƙin haure, sai ɗai-ɗai ake yi wa Romawa.
“Sau da yawa ana alaƙanta hukuncin gicciye mutum ne da laifin cin amanar ƙasa da boren sojoji da ta’addanci da wasu laifukan da za su iya kaiwa ga zubar da jini.”
Asalin hoton, Getty Images
Sarki Kwansiɗanɗino na I wanda ya zama basaraken Romawa na farko da ya karɓi addinin Kiristanci, ya rushe kisan gicciye a ƙarni 4 AD
Saboda haka ne, Farfesa Perez ya ce ba shakka muhimmin abin lura ne cewa an gicciye Yesu.
“Sai dai kuma lamarinsa na daban ne, don kuwa suna kallon sa ne a matsayin wata barazana.”
“Ga waɗanda ba sa son ganin duniya ta canza, ba kawai sun so, su ga ƙarshensa ba ne, sun yi haka ne ta hanyar da suke ganin idan suka zartar da kisan, matakin zai aika wani saƙo ƙarara cewa ba a son ci gaba da busharar da ya zo da ita.”
Rushe al’adar
Basaraken Romawa Kwansiɗanɗino na I ya rushe amfani da hukuncin gicciye a ƙarni na huɗu AD, kuma ya zama sarkin Romawa na farko da ya rungumi Kiristanci.
Ya halarta addinin, kuma mabiyansa sun samu alfarma, addinan gargajiya sun ɓace, abin da ya janyo bazuwar Kiristanci a Daular Romawa.
Sai dai, an kai irin wannan hukunci wasu wuraren, inda aka ci gaba da aiwatar da shi.
A 1597, an gicciye malaman mishan 26 a Japan, abin da ya zama ɗan ba ga dogon lokacin musgunawa Kiristoci a ƙasar.
Sai dai, duk da baƙin tarihinsa, gicciye ya zama wani tambarin sadaukarwa ga Kiristocin duniya da sunan nuna ƙauna.
